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A summary of the datasets used for IntCal09 is given below with references to the original datasets. These are catalogued by the institute where the 14C measurements were made in some cases and in others by the first author on the publications. Dataset number is a historical construct and makes no reflection on the date of publication. Lab codes can be found on the Radiocarbon website at www.radiocarbon.org.
University of Washington
Tree-rings from Pacific Northwest Douglas fir, Californian Sequoia, Alaskan
Sitka Spruce, and from the German Oak and Irish Oak chronologies.
Lab code: QL
Dataset number: 1
Stuiver, M., and Braziunas, T. (1993). Sun, ocean, climate and atmospheric 14CO2: an evaluation of causal and spectral relationships. Holocene 3: 289-305.
Stuiver, M., Reimer, P. J., and Braziunas, T. F. (1998). High-precision radiocarbon age calibration for terrestrial and marine samples. Radiocarbon 40:1127-1151.
Note: IntCal04 (Reimer et al. 2004) introduced updates to the calendar age of the German Pine measurements and some reinstated tree-rings from German oaks affected by beetles which previously could not be dendrodated (cf. Friedrich et al., 2004)
Queen's University Belfast
Tree-rings from Irish Oak and German Oak chronologies
Lab code: UB
Dataset number: 2
Pearson, G. W., Pilcher, J. R., Baillie, M. G. L., Corbett, D. M., and Qua, F. (1986). High-Precision C-14 Measurement of Irish Oaks to Show the Natural C-14 Variations from AD 1840 to 5210 BC Radiocarbon 28: 911-934.
McCormac, F. G., Hogg, A. G., Higham, T. F. G., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Broecker, W. S., Baillie, M. G. L., Palmer, J., Xiong, L., Pilcher, J. R., Brown, D., and Hoper, S. T. (1998). Temporal variation in the interhemispheric C-14 offset. Geophysical Research Letters 25: 1321-1324.
Hogg, A. G., McCormac, F. G., Higham, T. F. G., Reimer, P. J., Baillie, M. G. L., and Palmer, J. G. (2002). High-precision radiocarbon measurements of contemporaneous tree-ring dated wood from the British Isles and New Zealand: AD 1850-950. Radiocarbon 44: 633-640.
McCormac, F. G., Bayliss, A., Baillie, M. G. L., and Brown, D. M. (2004). Radiocarbon calibraton in the Anglo-Saxon periord: AD 495-725. Radiocarbon 46: 1123-1125.
Pearson, G. W., Becker, B., and Qua, F. (1993). High-Precision C-14 Measurement of German and Irish Oaks to Show the Natural C-14 Variations from 7890 to 5000 BC. Radiocarbon 35: 93-104.
McCormac, F. G., A. Bayliss, et al. (2008). "Extended radiocarbon calibration in the Anglo-Saxon period, AD 395-485 and AD 735-805." Radiocarbon 50(1): 11-17.
University of Waikato
Tree-rings from Irish Oak chronology
Lab code: Wk
Dataset number 3
McCormac, F. G., Hogg, A. G., Higham, T. F. G., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Broecker, W. S., Baillie, M. G. L., Palmer, J., Xiong, L., Pilcher, J. R., Brown, D., and Hoper, S. T. (1998). Temporal variation in the interhemispheric C-14 offset. Geophysical Research Letters 25: 1321-1324.
Hogg, A. G., McCormac, F. G., Higham, T. F. G., Reimer, P. J., Baillie, M. G. L., and Palmer, J. G. (2002). High-precision radiocarbon measurements of contemporaneous tree-ring dated wood from the British Isles and New Zealand: AD 1850-950. Radiocarbon 44: 633-640.
Hogg, A., Palmer, J., Boswijk, G., Reimer, P., and Brown, D. (2009). Investigating the interhemispheric C-14 offset in the 1st millennium AD and assessment of laboratory bias and calibration errors. Radiocarbon 51, 1177-1186.
University of Groningen
Tree-rings from German Oak chronology
Lab Code: GrN
Dataset number: 4
de Jong, A. F. M., Becker, B., and Mook, W. G. (1986). High-precision calibration of the radiocarbon time scale, 3930-3230 cal BC. Radiocarbon 28: 939-941.
de Jong, A. F. M., Becker, B., and Mook, W. G. (1989). Corrected calibration of the radiocarbon time scale. Radiocarbon 31: 201-210.
Vogel, J. C., and van der Plicht, J. (1993). Calibration Curve for Short-Lived Samples, 1900-3900 BC. Radiocarbon 35: 87-91.
van der Plicht, J., Jansma, E., and Kars, H. (1995). The ''Amsterdam Castle'': A case study of wiggle matching and the proper calibration curve. Radiocarbon 37, 965-968.
Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften
Tree-rings from German Oak & Pine chronology
Lab code: Hd
Dataset number 5
Kromer, B., and Becker, B. (1993). German Oak and Pine C-14 Calibration, 7200-9439 BC. Radiocarbon 35: 125-135.
Kromer, B., and Spurk, M. (1998). Revision and tentative extension of the tree-ring based C-14 calibration, 9200-11,855 cal BP. Radiocarbon 40: 1117-1125.
Kromer, B., Manning,S.W., Kuniholm, P.I., Newton, M.W., Spurk, M. & Levin, I. 2001. Regional 14CO2 offsets in the troposphere: magnitude, mechanisms, and consequences. Science 294: 2529-2532.
Kromer, B., S. W. Manning, M. Friedrich, S. Talamo and N. Trano (2010). "14C Calibration in the 2nd and 1st Millennia BC Eastern Mediterranean Radiocarbon Comparison Project (EMRCP)." Radiocarbon 52(3): 875-886.
Hua, Q., Barbetti, M., Fink, D., Kaiser, K. F., Friedrich, M., Kromer, B., Levchenko, V. A., Zoppi, U., Smith, A. M., and Bertuch, F. (2009). Atmospheric 14C variations derived from tree rings during the early Younger Dryas. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 2982-2990.
Late Glacial floating pines from Heidelberg and Zurich - wiggle matched to Hua et al. 2009 which is wiggled matched to anchored tree-rings
Four new decadal measurements around 675 BC, measured to check on previous work (to be published in IntCalxx volume).
Note: IntCal04 (Reimer et al. 2004) introduced updates to the calendar age of the German Pine measurements and some reinstated tree-rings from German oaks affected by beetles which previously could not be dendrodated (cf. Friedrich et al., 2004) as well as previously unpublished data (some of which from the East Mediterranean Radiocarbon Comparison Project is included in Kromer, B, Manning, S, Friedrich, M, Talamo, S & Trano, N. 2009. 14C calibration in the 2nd and 1st millennia BC - Eastern Mediterranean Radiocarbon Comparison Project (EMRCP). In: 20th International Radiocarbon Conference Kona, Hawaii.
CSIR, Pretoria
Labcode: Pta
Tree-rings from German Oak chronology
Dataset number: 6
Vogel, J. C., and Vanderplicht, J. (1993). Calibration Curve for Short-Lived Samples, 1900-3900 BC. Radiocarbon 35: 87-91.
Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
Tree-rings from Irish Oak chronology
Labcode: CAMS
Dataset number: 7
Three decadal measurements of Belfast Irish Oak processed to cellulose at Queen's University Belfast were introduced in the IntCal04 data set. Results are from multiple AMS targets with the error taken as the larger of the standard deviation in the mean and square root of the variance.
E. Bard et al.
Corals from Barbados, Tahiti, Mururoa and New Guinea
Labcode: GifA
Dataset number: 10
Bard, E, Hamelin, B, Fairbanks, RG, Zindler, A. 1990. Calibration of the
14C timescale over the past 30,000 years using mass
spectrometric U-Th ages from Barbados corals. Nature 345: 405-410.
Bard E, Arnold M, Hamelin B, Tisnerat-Laborde N, Cabioch G.
1998. Radiocarbon calibration by means of mass spectrometric
230Th/234U and 14C ages of corals.
An updated data base including samples from Barbados, Mururoa and
Tahiti. Radiocarbon 40: 1085-1092.
Bard, E, Menot-Combes, G,
Rostek, F. 2004. Present status of radiocarbon calibration and
comparison records based on Polynesian corals and Iberian Margin
sediments, Radiocarbon 46: 1189-1202.
R.G. Fairbanks et al.
Corals from Araki, Barbados and Kirimati
Labcode: CAMS, Gif and KIA
Dataset number:11
Fairbanks, RG, Mortlock, RA, Chiu, TC, Cao, L, Kaplan, A, Guilderson, TP, Fairbanks, TW, Bloom, AL, Grootes, PM & Nadeau, MJ. 2005. Radiocarbon calibration curve spanning 0 to 50,000 years BP based on paired Th-230/U-234/U-238 and C-14 dates on pristine corals. Quaternary Science Reviews 24(16-17): 1781-96.
R. L. Edwards et al.
Corals from Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea
Labcodes: AA and WHOI
Dataset number: 12
Edwards, RL, Beck, JW, Burr, GS, Donahue, DJ, Chappell, JMA. Bloom, AL, Druffel, ERM., Taylor, FW. 1993. A large drop in atmospheric 14C/ 12C and reduced melting in the Younger Dryas, documented with 230Th ages of corals. Science 260: 962-968.
G.S. Burr et al.
Corals from Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea
Labcode: AA
Dataset number: 13
Burr, GS, Beck, JW, Taylor, FW, Recy, J, Edwards, RL, Cabioch, G, Correge, T, Donahue, DJ, O'Malley, JM. 1998. A high-resolution radiocarbon calibration between 11,700 and 12,400 calendar years BP derived from 230Th ages of corals from Espiritu Santo Island, Vanuatu. Radiocarbon40: 1093-1105.
Burr, GS, Galang, C, Taylor, FW, Gallup, CD, Edwards, RL, Cutler, KB, Quirk, B. 2004. Radiocarbon results from a 13ka BP coral from the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. Radiocarbon 46: 1211-1224
K. B. Cutler et al.
Corals from Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea
Labcode: not given
Dataset number: 14
Cutler, KB, Gray, SC, Burr, GS, Edwards, RL, Taylor, FW, Cabioch, G, Beck, JW, Cheng, H, and Moore, J. 2004. Radiocarbon calibration to 50 kyr BP with paired 14C and 230Th dating of corals from Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea. Radiocarbon 46: 1127-1160.
K. A. Hughen et al.
Foraminifera from Cariaco Basin varved sediments
Labcode: CAMS
Dataset number: 15
Hughen, KA, Southon, JR, Bertrand, CJH, Frantz, B, Zermeño, P. 2004. Cariaco Basin calibration update: revisions to calendar and 14C chronologies for core PL07-58PC. Radiocarbon 46: 1161-1187.
Hughen, KA, Lehman S, Southon J, Overpeck J, Marchal O, Herring C, Turnbull J. 2004. C-14 activity and global carbon cycle changes over the past 50,000 years. Science 303 (5655): 202-207.
Hughen, KA, Southon, JR, Lehman, SJ, Overpeck, JT. 2000. Synchronous radiocarbon and climate shifts during the last deglaciation. Science 290: 1951-54.
Cariaco Basin- Hulu timescale
Foraminifera from Cariaco Basin non-varved sediments
Labcode: CAMS, NSRL, and UCIAMS
Dataset number: 20
Hughen, K, Southon, J, Lehman, S, Bertrand, C & Turnbull, J. 2006. Marine-derived C-14 calibration and activity record for the past 50,000 years updated from the Cariaco Basin. Quaternary Science Reviews 25(23-24): 3216-27.
Iberian Margin- Hulu timescale
Foraminifera from Iberian Margin non-varved sediments
Labcode: KIA, GifA, OS
Dataset number: 21
Bard, E, Rostek, F & Menot-Combes, G. 2004. A better radiocarbon clock. Science 303(5655): 178-9.
Bard, E, Rostek, F & Menot-Combes, G. 2004. Radiocarbon calibration beyond 20,000 14C yr B.P. by means of planktonic foraminifera of the Iberian Margin. Quaternary Research 61(2): 204-14.
Shackleton, NJ, Fairbanks, RG, Chiu, TC & Parrenin, F. 2004. Absolute calibration of the Greenland time scale: implications for Antarctic time scales and for Delta C-14. Quaternary Science Reviews 23(14-15): 1513-22.
Additional references:
Friedrich, M., Remmele, S., Kromer, B., Hofmann, J., Spurk, M., Kaiser, K. F., Orcel, C., and Kueppers, M. (2004). The 12,460-year Hohenheim oak and pine tree-ring chronology from Central Europe - A unique annual record for radiocarbon calibration and palaeo-environment reconstructions. Radiocarbon 46: 1111-1122.
Reimer, PJ, et al., 2004, IntCal04 Atmospheric radiocarbon age calibration, 26-0 ka BP, Radiocarbon 46:1026-1058